Preisentwicklung auf dem
Arzneimittelmarkt bis
März 2026
GKV-Arzneimittelindex
Impressum
Die vorliegende Publikation ist ein Beitrag des
Wissenschaftlichen Instituts der AOK (WldO).
Preisentwicklung auf dem Arzneimittelmarkt
bis März 2026
Berlin, April 2026
Salka Enners, Prof. Dr. Michael Thiede
Wissenschaftliches Institut der AOK (WIdO)
im AOK-Bundesverband eGbR – Arbeitsgemeinschaft
von Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts
Rosenthaler Str. 31, 10178 Berlin
Geschäftsführender Vorstand:
Dr. Carola Reimann (Vorsitzende)
Jens Martin Hoyer (stellv. Vorsitzender)
http://www.aok-bv.de/impressum/index.html
Registergericht Berlin (Charlottenburg), GsR 634 B
Aufsichtsbehörde:
Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Pflege
und Gleichstellung –SenGPG–
Oranienstraße 106, 10969 Berlin
Satz: Anja Füssel
Titelfoto: KomPart
Nachdruck, Wiedergabe, Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung
(gleich welcher Art), auch von Teilen des Werkes,
bedürfen der ausdrücklichen Genehmigung.
E-Mail: wido@wido.bv.aok.de
Internet: http://www.wido.de
http://www.aok-bv.de/impressum/index.html
http://www.wido.de/
Inhalt
Einleitende Hinweise ............................................................................................................. 4
Teil I: Preisindex im Arzneimittelmarkt.................................................................................. 5
Gesamtmarkt ............................................................................................................................... 5
Festbetrags- und Nicht-Festbetragsmarkt ................................................................................... 8
Preisentwicklung nach Arzneimittelgruppen ............................................................................. 11
Teil 2: Kennwerte der Preisveränderung im Arzneimittelmarkt ........................................... 13
Einzelne Marktsegmente ........................................................................................................... 14
Vergleich der Marktsegmente ................................................................................................... 18
Arzneimittelgruppen .................................................................................................................. 20
Allgemeine methodische Hinweise ...................................................................................... 21
Datenbasis ................................................................................................................................. 22
4 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Einleitende Hinweise
Die vorliegende Publikation stellt die Preisentwicklung im Fertigarzneimittelmarkt mit
zwei möglichen Berechnungsansätzen dar. Damit wird ermöglicht, dass bei der Dar-
stellung der aktuellen Preisentwicklung einerseits die Verordnungsmengen eines fes-
ten Warenkorbs und andererseits aktuelle Marktbewegungen auf Produktebene stärker
fokussiert werden.
In Teil 1 wird der Preisindex eines definierten Warenkorbs nachgezeichnet. Dabei wer-
den die Preise aller Arzneimittel entsprechend ihrer Verordnungshäufigkeit im Vorjahr
bis zum aktuellen Monat verglichen. Damit ein Arzneimittel hier berücksichtigt wird,
muss es also sowohl im Vorjahr (Basiszeitraum) als auch aktuell (Betrachtungszeit-
raum) auf dem Markt verfügbar gewesen sein. Dabei wird der Effekt umso stärker ge-
wichtet, je häufiger es verordnet wurde. Aktuelle Marktentwicklungen werden damit
auf Preisebene, nicht aber auf Produktebene nachvollzogen.
In Teil 2 werden die Preise aller aktuell verordnungsfähigen Arzneimittel als ungewich-
tete Mittelwerte der Marktsituation der Vormonate gegenübergestellt. Aktuelle Markt-
entwicklungen werden sowohl auf Preisebene als auch auf Produktebene (einschließ-
lich der aktuellen Markteintritte und Marktaustritte und deren individuelle Preise)
nachvollzogen. Dies geschieht unabhängig von der Verordnungshäufigkeit in einem
definierten Zeitraum. Die Analysen basieren auf allem verkehrsfähigen, rezeptpflichti-
gen Arzneimittel, für die eine Preisangabe vorliegt. Diese Arzneimittel können sowohl
von ambulant tätigen Kassenärzten verordnet werden wie auch im Krankenhaus ein-
gesetzt werden.
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 5
Teil I: Preisindex im Arzneimittelmarkt
Gesamtmarkt
Im Folgenden wird der Preisindex im gesamten Arzneimittelmarkt dargestellt.
In Abbildung 1 wird die Preisentwicklung gegenüber Januar 2024 als Preisindex darge-
stellt. Der Preisindex berechnet sich auf der Grundlage der monatlichen Steigerungen.
In Abbildung 2 wird der prozentuale Anstieg zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Mo-
naten dargestellt.
Mit der Aktualisierung des Warenkorbes können die Werte von vorangegangenen Pub-
likationen abweichen.
Die Tabelle 1 beinhaltet neben den Preisindizes die Änderungswerte gegenüber dem
Vormonat (vgl. Abbildung 1) und dem Monat des Vorjahres.
Abbildung 1: Preisindex im Gesamtmarkt für Fertigarzneimittel
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
2024 2025 2026
Preisindex (Jan 2024= 100)
Gesamtmarkt
6 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Abbildung 2: Preisentwicklung im Gesamtmarkt gegenüber Vormonat in Prozent
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
-3,0
-2,5
-2,0
-1,5
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
2024 2025 2026
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 7
Tabelle 1: Ausgewählte Indikatoren der Preisentwicklung von Januar 2025 bis März 2026 für
Fertigarzneimittel
Jahr Monat
Preisindex Preisanstieg gegenüber
Januar 2024 = 100 Vorjahr in % Vormonat in %
2025 Januar 98,9 -1,1 0,0
Februar 98,8 -1,3 -0,1
März 98,7 -1,4 -0,1
April 98,7 -1,2 0,0
Mai 98,7 -0,8 0,0
Juni 98,6 -0,7 -0,1
Juli 98,8 -0,8 0,2
August 98,8 -0,8 0,0
September 98,7 -0,7 0,0
Oktober 98,7 -0,5 0,0
November 98,6 -0,4 -0,1
Dezember 98,5 -0,5 -0,1
Jahresdurchschnitt 98,7 -0,8 0,0
2026 Januar 98,4 -0,5 -0,1
Februar 98,4 -0,4 0,0
März 98,5 -0,2 0,1
Jahresdurchschnitt 98,4 -0,4 0,0
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
8 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Festbetrags- und Nicht-Festbetragsmarkt
Im Folgenden werden die oben beschriebenen Analysen für den Markt der Festbetrags-
arzneimittel vorgestellt. Stichtag zur Abgrenzung beider Marktsegmente ist der jewei-
lige 1. des Analysemonats. Durch Änderungen der Festbetragsfestlegungen kann die
Warenkorbabgrenzung von der in vorangegangenen Publikationen abweichen. Die
Monatswerte werden auf der Grundlage der aktuell gültigen Festbetragsgruppen auch
rückwirkend neu berechnet.
In Abbildung 3 ist die monatliche Preisentwicklung nach den Marktsegmenten Festbe-
tragsmarkt, Nicht-Festbetragsmarkt und Gesamtmarkt als Preisindex dargestellt.
Die Tabelle 2 beschreibt die Indexwerte nach den Marktsegmenten Festbetragsmarkt,
Nicht-Festbetragsmarkt und Gesamtmarkt.
Die monatliche Preisentwicklung im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat für die Marktseg-
mente sind in der Tabelle 3 aufgeführt.
Abbildung 3: Preisindex für Fertigarzneimittel nach Marktsegmenten (entsprechend § 35
SGB V)
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
2024 2025 2026
Preisindex (Jan. 2024 = 100)
Nicht-Festbetragsmarkt
Festbetragsmarkt
Gesamtmarkt
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 9
Tabelle 2: Preisentwicklung für Fertigarzneimittel nach Marktsegmenten (entsprechend § 35
SGB V) von Januar 2024 bis März 2026
Jahr Monat Gesamtmarkt Festbetragsmarkt* Nicht-
Festbetragsmarkt*
2024 Januar 100,0 100,0 100,0
Februar 100,1 100,2 100,1
März 100,1 100,1 100,0
April 99,8 99,6 99,9
Mai 99,5 99,5 99,5
Juni 99,3 99,5 99,2
Juli 99,6 98,2 100,2
August 99,6 98,1 100,3
September 99,4 98,1 100,0
Oktober 99,2 97,6 99,9
November 99,0 97,6 99,6
Dezember 98,9 97,6 99,6
Jahresdurchschnitt 99,5 98,8 99,9
2025 Januar 98,9 97,6 99,5
Februar 98,8 97,6 99,4
März 98,7 97,5 99,3
April 98,7 97,1 99,4
Mai 98,7 97,0 99,5
Juni 98,6 97,0 99,4
Juli 98,8 96,9 99,7
August 98,8 96,9 99,6
September 98,7 96,9 99,6
Oktober 98,7 96,8 99,5
November 98,6 96,7 99,5
Dezember 98,5 96,8 99,3
Jahresdurchschnitt 98,7 97,1 99,5
2026 Januar 98,4 96,7 99,2
Februar 98,4 96,7 99,2
März 98,5 96,9 99,2
Jahresdurchschnitt 98,4 96,8 99,2
* Die Veränderungswerte sind dann nicht unmittelbar mit den Angaben der Vorperioden vergleichbar, wenn
neue Festbetragsfestlegungen gelten. In den Teilmärkten werden die jeweils aktuellen Marktanteile zu-
grunde gelegt, d. h. die Veränderungswerte basieren damit auf den jeweils aktuellen Marktverhältnissen
und werden rückwirkend neu berechnet Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
10 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Tabelle 3: Preisentwicklung für Fertigarzneimittel nach Marktsegmenten (entsprechend § 35
SGB V) im Vergleich zum Vorjahr in Prozent
Jahr Monat Gesamtmarkt
in %
Festbetragsmarkt*
in %
Nicht-Festbetrags-
markt* in %
2025 Januar -1,1 -2,4 -0,5
Februar -1,3 -2,6 -0,7
März -1,4 -2,6 -0,8
April -1,2 -2,5 -0,5
Mai -0,8 -2,6 0,0
Juni -0,7 -2,5 0,2
Juli -0,8 -1,2 -0,6
August -0,8 -1,2 -0,7
September -0,7 -1,2 -0,4
Oktober -0,5 -0,8 -0,4
November -0,4 -0,9 -0,1
Dezember -0,5 -0,9 -0,3
Jahresdurchschnitt -0,8 -1,8 -0,4
2026 Januar -0,5 -0,9 -0,3
Februar -0,4 -0,9 -0,1
März -0,2 -0,7 0,0
Jahresdurchschnitt -0,4 -0,8 -0,2
* Die Veränderungswerte sind dann nicht unmittelbar mit den Angaben der Vorperioden vergleichbar, wenn
neue Festbetragsfestlegungen gelten. In den Teilmärkten werden die jeweils aktuellen Marktanteile zu-
grunde gelegt, d. h. die Veränderungswerte basieren damit auf den jeweils aktuellen Marktverhältnissen
und werden rückwirkend neu berechnet
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 11
Preisentwicklung nach Arzneimittelgruppen
In Abbildung 4 ist die Preisentwicklung der Arzneimittelgruppen entsprechend dem ak-
tuellen Stand der ATC-Klassifikation des GKV-Arzneimittelindex im Vergleich zum
Vorjahresmonat dargestellt. Hierbei werden die 20 umsatzstärksten Arzneimittelgrup-
pen berücksichtigt. Tabelle 4 zeigt die Preisentwicklung gegenüber dem Vorjahresmo-
nat, den Umsatzanteil im Gesamtmarkt des Jahres 2024 und die Preisentwicklung ent-
sprechend der aktuellen Festbetragseinstufung in den Arzneimittelgruppen.
Abbildung 4: Preisentwicklung März 2026 im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat in % nach Arz-
neimittelgruppen
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
-0,4
-11,3
-4,6
-2,0
-1,7
-1,5
-1,5
-1,1
-0,9
-0,8
-0,7
-0,5
-0,2
-0,1
0,01
0,04
0,5
0,5
0,8
1,7
-14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Gesamtmarkt
Andere Mittel für das Nervensystem
Endokrine Therapie
Antivirale Mittel zur systemischen Anwendung
Antineoplastische Mittel
Analgetika
Antibiotika zur systemischen Anwendung
Immunsuppressiva
Psycholeptika
Mittel, die den Lipidstoffwechsel beeinflussen
Mittel mit Wirkung auf das Renin-Angiotensin-System
Andere Dermatika
Psychoanaleptika
Antithrombotische Mittel
Andere Mittel f. d. alimentäre System und d. Stoffwechsel
Ophthalmika
Antihämorrhagika
Immunstimulanzien
Immunsera und Immunglobuline
Mittel bei obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen
12 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Tabelle 4: Preisentwicklung in % nach Arzneimittelgruppen für März 2026 im Vergleich zum
Vorjahresmonat
ATC
Code
Arzneimittelgruppe nach
2. Ebene der ATC-Klassifikation
Umsatzanteil
im Jahr 2024
in %
Gesamt-
markt
Festbetrags-
markt*
Nicht-Festbe-
tragsmarkt*
A10 Antidiabetika 8,39 2,06 -0,73 2,42
R03 Mittel bei obstruktiven Atemweg-
serkrankungen
4,58 1,73 1,24 2,06
J06 Immunsera und Immunglobuline 1,62 0,82 - 0,82
L03 Immunstimulanzien 1,51 0,48 -2,85 1,20
B02 Antihämorrhagika 1,98 0,45 0,00 0,74
S01 Ophthalmika 3,29 0,04 -0,19 0,08
A16 Andere Mittel für das alimentäre
System und den Stoffwechsel
1,76 0,01 -2,17 0,04
B01 Antithrombotische Mittel 6,65 -0,05 -0,21 -0,03
N06 Psychoanaleptika 1,92 -0,21 -0,17 -0,41
D11 Andere Dermatika 1,65 -0,49 - -0,49
C09 Mittel mit Wirkung auf das Renin-
Angiotensin-System
3,76 -0,65 -0,52 -0,94
C10 Mittel, die den Lipidstoffwechsel
beeinflussen
2,09 -0,81 -0,81 -0,79
N05 Psycholeptika 1,65 -0,87 -0,09 -1,78
L04 Immunsuppressiva 16,53 -1,05 -1,32 -0,96
J01 Antibiotika zur systemischen An-
wendung
1,43 -1,51 -2,79 1,74
N02 Analgetika 3,88 -1,54 -1,45 -1,93
L01 Antineoplastische Mittel 7,70 -1,66 -1,79 -1,66
J05 Antivirale Mittel zur systemischen
Anwendung
2,32 -2,03 -4,33 -1,76
L02 Endokrine Therapie 3,06 -4,55 -37,56 -0,20
N07 Andere Mittel für das Nervensys-
tem
1,35 -11,25 -2,34 -12,24
Alle 20 Arzneimittelgruppen 77,09 -0,65 -1,44 -0,35
Gesamtmarkt 100,0 -0,4 -0,8 -0,2
* Die Veränderungswerte sind dann nicht unmittelbar mit den Angaben der Vorperioden vergleichbar, wenn
neue Festbetragsfestlegungen gelten. In den Teilmärkten werden die jeweils aktuellen Marktanteile zu-
grunde gelegt, d. h. die Veränderungswerte basieren damit auf den jeweils aktuellen Marktverhältnissen
und werden rückwirkend neu berechnet
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 13
Teil 2: Kennwerte der Preisveränderung im
Arzneimittelmarkt
Im Folgenden wird die Preisveränderung für den Gesamtmarkt, den Markt der patent-
geschützten Arzneimittel und für neu eingeführte, patentgeschützte Arzneimittel für
den Zeitraum der letzten 24 Monate inklusive des aktuellen Analysemonats dargestellt.
Die Analysen basieren auf den Apothekenverkaufspreisen (AVP). Ist für ein Arzneimit-
tel kein AVP gemeldet, wird ersatzweise der Apothekeneinkaufspreis oder der Herstel-
lerabgabepreis genutzt. Berücksichtigt werden jeweils alle verkehrsfähigen, rezept-
pflichtigen Arzneimittel, für die eine Preisangabe vorliegt.
In Abbildung 5 sind die monatlichen arithmetischen Mittelwerte und die Mediane für
den Gesamtmarkt angegeben. In Tabelle 5 werden die zehn teuersten Arzneimittel des
aktuellen Monats mit ihren Preisen aufgelistet.
Abbildung 5: Preisveränderung im gesamten Arzneimittelmarkt
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
2024 2025 2026
Du
rc
hs
ch
ni
tt
sp
re
is
in
E
ur
o
Arithmetisches Mittel
Median
14 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Tabelle 5: Die zehn teuersten Arzneimittel* im März 2026
Rang Handelsname ATC
Code
Arzneimittelgruppe nach
2. Ebene der ATC-Klassi-
fikation
Hauptindikationsgruppe Preis
(in Euro)
1 Upstaza A16 Enzymersatzmittel Seltene Stoffwechselkrank-
heiten
3.000.000
2 Hemgenix B02 Antihämorrhagika Erkrankungen des Blutsys-
tems
2.482.100
3 Libmeldy A16 Enzymersatzmittel Seltene Stoffwechselkrank-
heiten
2.125.000
4 Zolgensma M09 Antiarthrotika/andere
Mittel
Erkrankungen des Muskel-
und Skelettsystems
1.385.000
5 Carvykti L01 Antineoplastische Mittel Krebserkrankungen 285.000
6 Luxturna S01 Ophthalmika Erkrankungen von Auge
und Ohr
280.000
7 Tecartus L01 Antineoplastische Mittel Krebserkrankungen 271.000
8 Idefirix L04 Immunsuppressiva Immuntherapie 249.510
9 Kymriah L01 Antineoplastische Mittel Krebserkrankungen 239.000
10 Yescarta L01 Antineoplastische Mittel Krebserkrankungen 225.293
* aufgeführt ist die teuerste, sich in Vertrieb befindende Packung des Arzneimittels
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
Einzelne Marktsegmente
Tabelle 6 enthält die Durchschnittswerte entsprechend der Abbildung 5 und zusätzlich
die Preisveränderung für die preiswertesten und die teuersten Produkte am Markt. Ta-
belle 7 beschreibt die aktuelle monatliche Preisveränderung im patentgeschützten
Markt, Tabelle 8 für die neu eingeführten Patent-Arzneimittel. Im Warenkorb sind alle
Neueinführungen der zu jedem dargestellten Monat vorangegangenen 36 Monate ent-
halten. Dies entspricht beispielsweise für März 2026 dem Warenkorb der Neueinfüh-
rungen zwischen März 2023 und März 2026. Aufgrund der geringen Anzahl von Pro-
dukten wurde die Anteilsgrenze in Tabelle 8 auf 5 % gesetzt.
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 15
Tabelle 6: Veränderung der durchschnittlichen Preise für verschreibungspflichtige Fertigarz-
neimittel (in Euro)
Jahr Monat
Preis-
werteste
Produkte
(1%)
Preis-
werteste
Produkte
(25%)*
Arithmeti-
sches
Mittel
Teuerste
Produkte
(25%)**
Teuerste
Produkte
(1%)**
2024 April 12,56 18,64 1.779,23 6.948,50 139.624,53
Mai 12,55 18,66 1.775,85 6.933,53 139.422,17
Juni 12,55 18,66 1.760,44 6.871,39 137.712,93
Juli 12,57 18,66 1.735,77 6.773,79 134.712,65
August 12,56 18,69 1.740,32 6.784,29 134.779,61
September 12,59 18,74 1.743,62 6.799,72 133.137,76
Oktober 12,59 18,75 1.745,97 6.809,00 133.261,34
November 12,59 18,79 1.743,25 6.798,71 131.451,78
Dezember 12,61 18,81 1.743,82 6.794,84 131.475,50
2025 Januar 12,61 18,83 1.738,66 6.770,89 131.398,82
Februar 12,64 18,86 1.732,22 6.752,08 131.852,08
März 12,63 18,89 1.709,93 6.659,80 129.385,69
April 12,63 18,9 1.968,73 7.695,86 153.101,73
Mai 12,67 18,96 1.972,93 7.714,10 155.181,01
Juni 12,68 19 1.978,07 7.732,02 155.308,33
Juli 12,74 19,04 1.972,02 7.708,55 155.227,03
August 12,75 19,07 1.943,50 7.591,68 151.933,72
September 12,74 19,09 1.946,38 7.602,87 150.440,43
Oktober 12,76 19,13 1.947,82 7.605,65 150.229,76
November 12,75 19,16 1.951,17 7.619,84 150.642,80
Dezember 12,77 19,19 1.956,46 7.640,52 150.910,28
2026 Januar 12,77 19,19 1.980,23 7.733,57 153.071,90
Februar 12,79 19,21 1.977,59 7.721,98 153.094,10
März 12,81 19,23 1.983,51 7.743,26 151.774,54
* ungewichtete Durchschnittspreise der preiswertesten Arzneimittel entsprechend dem angegebenen Anteil
** ungewichtete Durchschnittspreise der teuersten Arzneimittel entsprechend dem angegebenen Anteil
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
16 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Tabelle 7: Veränderung der durchschnittlichen Preise für patentgeschützte verschreibungs-
pflichtige Fertigarzneimittel (in Euro)
Jahr
Monat
Preis-
werteste
Produkte
(1%)
Preis-
werteste
Produkte
(25%)*
Arithmeti-
sches
Mittel
Teuerste
Produkte
(25%)**
Teuerste
Produkte
(1%)**
2024 April 20,28 138,23 22.257,43 84.557,67 1.338.333,33
Mai 20,28 140,57 22.075,17 83.854,84 1.338.333,33
Juni 20,28 142,72 21.704,25 82.346,75 1.315.833,33
Juli 20,47 145,99 21.226,10 80.120,81 1.266.166,67
August 20,54 150,54 21.109,57 79.616,09 1.266.166,67
September 20,54 147,7 20.917,27 79.025,50 1.266.166,67
Oktober 20,54 148,25 20.755,74 78.221,13 1.266.166,67
November 20,54 149,91 20.588,71 77.560,05 1.266.166,67
Dezember 20,54 149,84 20.584,12 77.559,27 1.266.166,67
2025 Januar 20,54 162,13 21.183,45 79.660,06 1.266.166,67
Februar 20,54 162,11 21.010,55 78.983,93 1.266.000,00
März 20,54 161,01 20.549,36 77.580,01 1.266.000,00
April 20,54 167,73 24.072,24 91.139,56 1.558.333,33
Mai 20,54 170,35 23.931,01 90.802,29 1.558.333,33
Juni 20,54 174,15 23.834,99 90.276,10 1.558.333,33
Juli 20,85 177,5 23.871,29 90.258,93 1.558.333,33
August 20,85 178,67 23.346,74 88.521,78 1.516.666,67
September 20,85 183,59 23.176,66 87.569,79 1.516.666,67
Oktober 20,85 186,16 23.030,86 86.954,05 1.516.666,67
November 20,85 185,71 22.951,03 86.746,31 1.516.666,67
Dezember 20,85 182,86 22.497,58 84.891,43 1.516.666,67
2026 Januar 20,85 170,66 22.594,21 85.688,54 1.554.758,35
Februar 21,67 168,63 22.431,76 84.659,55 1.371.364,30
März 22,96 165,43 22.444,59 85.013,30 1.371.364,30
* ungewichtete Durchschnittspreise der preiswertesten Arzneimittel entsprechend dem angegebenen Anteil
** ungewichtete Durchschnittspreise der teuersten Arzneimittel entsprechend dem angegebenen Anteil
Durch monatliche Patentausläufe und damit verbundene Klassifikationsänderungen kann die Marktabgrenzung
zwischen patentgeschütztem Markt und generikafähigem Markt von Monat zu Monat differieren. Die Zuschrei-
bung zu einem der Marktsegmente erfolgt einheitlich auch rückwirkend. Ein Vergleich der vorgestellten Analysen
mit vorherigen Publikationen ist daher nur bedingt aussagekräftig, da immer die aktuelle Klassifikation zugrunde
gelegt wird.
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 17
Tabelle 8: Veränderung der durchschnittlichen Preise der Marktneueinführungen im Markt
der patentgeschützten verschreibungspflichtigen Fertigarzneimittel (in Euro)
Jahr Monat
Preis-
werteste
Produkte
(5 %)*
Preis-
werteste
Produkte
(25 %)*
Arithmeti-
sches
Mittel
Teuerste
Produkte
(25 %)**
Teuerste
Produkte
(5 %)**
2024 April 41,34 232,09 57.263,49 216.265,47 965.685,57
Mai 40,43 243,18 56.698,96 215.800,28 965.685,57
Juni 41,06 248,7 39.809,24 151.198,40 637.958,89
Juli 46,87 268,35 39.944,52 150.447,36 605.498,07
August 50,85 312,75 39.277,27 145.953,49 605.498,07
September 46,4 283,78 38.041,14 141.731,35 605.498,07
Oktober 47,33 330,46 38.950,56 146.158,75 605.498,07
November 47,12 333,7 37.704,68 141.521,75 602.916,66
Dezember 46,13 355,51 37.957,08 141.521,75 602.916,66
2025 Januar 52,96 389,78 39.062,77 145.325,34 602.023,80
Februar 53,19 371,45 38.183,86 141.997,10 575.725,69
März 53,36 390,01 39.081,49 147.324,13 575.725,69
April 53,36 432,18 53.903,96 206.133,81 857.023,80
Mai 53,51 456,66 53.294,56 200.669,08 857.023,80
Juni 53,51 441,49 52.533,31 200.982,43 857.023,80
Juli 53,51 453,92 53.631,77 200.897,40 857.023,80
August 53,64 447,88 50.661,19 193.187,82 821.309,52
September 62,65 464,23 27.574,79 101.349,76 399.440,02
Oktober 59,24 476,17 25.579,83 93.745,08 371.726,79
November 59,44 506,13 25.822,35 93.840,56 364.890,53
Dezember 64,66 358,59 24.236,14 87.514,87 364.890,53
2026 Januar 86,09 286,28 24.327,56 89.582,66 351.635,70
Februar 93,17 268,6 23.666,00 86.785,58 351.635,70
März 84,69 250,07 21.743,01 78.954,65 322.350,18
* ungewichtete Durchschnittspreise der preiswertesten Arzneimittel entsprechend dem angegebenen Anteil
** ungewichtete Durchschnittspreise der teuersten Arzneimittel entsprechend dem angegebenen Anteil
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
18 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Vergleich der Marktsegmente
In Abbildung 6 wird die monatliche Veränderung der ungewichteten durchschnittlichen
Preise im Gesamtmarkt, im patentgeschützten Markt und für die Marktneueinführun-
gen dargestellt.
Abbildung 6: Preisveränderung nach Marktsegmenten in Euro
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
2024 2025 2026
Du
rc
hs
ch
ni
tt
sp
re
is
in
E
ur
o
Patentmarkt
Neue Markteinführungen
Gesamtmarkt
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 19
Abbildung 7 zeigt die Verteilung der Arzneimittelpreise im Gesamtmarkt, im Patent-
markt und im Markt neu eingeführte Arzneimittel im patentgeschützten Markt für den
aktuellen Monat.
Abbildung 7: Preisverteilung nach Marktsegmenten nach Perzentilen
* logarithmische Skalierung zur Basis 10 Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
1
10
100
1.000
10.000
100.000
1.000.000
10.000.000
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Du
rc
hs
ch
ni
tt
sp
re
is
in
E
ur
o*
Neueinführungen Patent Gesamt
(n = 8.009)
(n = 154)
(n = 608)
20 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Arzneimittelgruppen
Die 20 Arzneimittelgruppen, die die höchste prozentuale Dynamik der Durchschnitts-
preise im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat erkennen ließen, werden in Abbildung 8 aus-
gewiesen. Dabei werden die Gruppen entsprechend dem aktuellen Stand der ATC-
Klassifikation des GKV-Arzneimittelindex berücksichtigt, wenn mindestens zehn un-
terschiedliche Präparate am Markt vertreten waren.
Abbildung 8: Änderungen der ungewichteten Durchschnittspreise für Fertigarzneimittel im
März 2026 im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat in % getrennt nach Arzneimittelgruppen
Quelle: GKV-Arzneimittelindex im WIdO 2026
16,0
-30,7
-15,5
-15,0
-11,2
-11,2
-9,5
-8,9
-8,8
8,0
9,1
10,0
21,7
28,1
31,8
95,8
140,9
160,5
228,0
2.089,1
3.574,6
-500 500 1.500 2.500 3.500
Gesamtmarkt
Gallen- und Lebertherapie
Endokrine Therapie
Immunsera und Immunglobuline
Mittel gegen Protozoen-Erkrankungen
Andere Mittel für das Nervensystem
Mittel mit Wirkung auf das Renin-Angiotensin-System
Andere Mittel f. d. alimentäre System und d. Stoffwechsel
Calciumhomöostase
Antibiotika u. Chemotherapeutika z. dermatolog. Anw.
Blutersatzmittel und Perfusionslösungen
Andere Dermatika
Antidiarrhoika und intestinale Antiphlogistika/Antiinfektiva
Psychoanaleptika
Andere Hämatologika
Gichtmittel
Mittel, die den Lipidstoffwechsel beeinflussen
Herztherapie
Antidiabetika
Antihämorrhagika
Schilddrüsentherapie
GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026 21
Allgemeine methodische Hinweise
Die vorliegenden Analysen ermöglichen einen Überblick über die Preisentwicklung im
deutschen Markt der rezeptpflichtigen Arzneimittel. Im Wesentlichen werden dafür
zwei Gruppen von Kennzahlen für verschiedene Marktsegmente ermittelt und monat-
lich zur Verfügung gestellt.
Die Preisindices werden nach der Laspeyres-Formel berechnet. Bei der Indexberech-
nung werden nur solche Artikel berücksichtigt, die im Warenkorb des Basisjahres 2024
enthalten sind. Dabei werden in der vorliegenden Publikation alle Arzneimittel berück-
sichtigt, die sich in der Basis- und Berichtsperiode im Abverkauf befinden. Eventuelle
indirekte Preiserhöhungen im Zusammenhang mit Produktvariationen im Berichtszeit-
raum werden nicht erfasst. Insbesondere werden auch neue Präparate, deren Marktein-
tritt nach der Erhebung des Warenkorbes liegt, nicht berücksichtigt, da noch keine ent-
sprechenden Verordnungsdaten vorliegen.
Neben der Berechnung der Indices werden ergänzend Preisanalysen angeboten. Für die
Berechnung der reinen Preisentwicklung werden alle Präparate – also insbesondere
auch neue Produkte und Produktvariationen – zum Zeitpunkt des Berichtsmonats be-
rücksichtigt. Diese Analysen können ohne Berücksichtigung der Abverkaufszahlen als
Lageparameter für die diskutierten Marktsegmente erstellt werden.
Bei der Interpretation der Ergebnisse ist auf die unterschiedliche Aussagekraft der bei-
den Betrachtungen zu achten. Während der Preisindex als Maß für die Teuerung für
einen definierten Warenkorb interpretiert werden kann, zeigen die Lageparameter, wie
sich die Verteilung der Preise unabhängig von einem Warenkorb in dem Betrachtungs-
zeitraum verändert.
Durch monatliche Klassifikationsänderungen kann die Abgrenzung zwischen einzel-
nen Marktsegmenten von Monat zu Monat differieren. Ein Vergleich der Analysen mit
denen aus vorherigen Publikationen ist daher nur bedingt aussagekräftig, da immer die
aktuelle Klassifikation zugrunde gelegt und die zurückliegenden Zeiträume entspre-
chend neu berechnet werden.
22 GKV-Arzneimittelindex – Preisinfo 3/2026
Datenbasis
Preise
Das GKV-Abrechnungsverzeichnis Arzneimittel enthält Informationen zu über 80.000
Fertigarzneimitteln, die zu Lasten der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung abgerechnet
werden können. Preisänderungen werden monatlich berücksichtigt und im GKV-Arz-
neimittelindex historisiert. Stichtag der monatlichen Indexangaben ist der Erste eines
Monats. Jahresdurchschnitte der Preisindices werden als ungewichtete arithmetische
Mittel der Monatswerte errechnet. Die Analysen basieren auf den Apothekenverkaufs-
preisen (AVP).
Die ungewichteten Durchschnittspreise in Teil 2 werden mit den Durchschnittswerten
für ein Arzneimittel mit allen Produktvariationen berechnet. Ist für ein Arzneimittel
kein AVP gemeldet, wird in Teil 2 ersatzweise der Apothekeneinkaufspreis oder der
Herstellerabgabepreis genutzt. In diesen Fällen blieben die Aufschläge der Handelsstu-
fen und die Mehrwertsteuer unberücksichtigt. Anders als in Teil 1 werden in Teil 2 ab
dem Preisinfo 10/2019 auch Klinikpackungen berücksichtigt. Die Analysen basieren so-
mit auf allen verkehrsfähigen befindlichen, rezeptpflichtigen Arzneimitteln mit Preis-
angabe.
Warenkorb
Warenkorbänderungen für die Indexberechnung erfolgen jährlich. Den gegenwärtigen
Warenkorb bilden die gesamten GKV-Arzneimittelverordnungen des Jahres 2024. Mit
der Aktualisierung des Warenkorbes können sich andere Steigerungsraten ergeben, als
sie auf der Basis älterer Warenkörbe ausgewiesen wurden. Diese Differenzen sind je-
doch in aller Regel nur geringfügig.
Umbasierung
Um die aktuellen Indices mit denen älterer Veröffentlichungen zu vergleichen, ist der
aktuelle Index mit der Basis Januar 2024 = 100 auf die damals gültige Basis Januar
2023 = 100 umzurechnen. Der anzuwendende Faktor errechnet sich aus dem Quotien-
ten des Preisindexes des aktuellen Basisjahres (Januar 2024 = 100,1) und der damals gel-
tenden Basis (Januar 2023 = 100).
100,1
= 1,001
100
Eine Umrechnung des Preisindexes für März 2026 auf Basis Januar 2023 führt zu einem
Preisindex von 98,5 * 1,001 = 98,6.
Einleitende Hinweise
Teil I: Preisindex im Arzneimittelmarkt
Gesamtmarkt
Festbetrags- und Nicht-Festbetragsmarkt
Preisentwicklung nach Arzneimittelgruppen
Teil 2: Kennwerte der Preisveränderung im Arzneimittelmarkt
Einzelne Marktsegmente
Vergleich der Marktsegmente
Arzneimittelgruppen
Allgemeine methodische Hinweise
Datenbasis
22.04.2026
Datei
PD
Manual on borderline and classification for medical devices under
Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices and
Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices
Version 5 – April 2026
The views expressed in this document represent the agreements reached by the competent
authorities of the Member State members of the Borderline and Classification Working Group, a
subgroup of the Medical Device Coordination Group. The views are not legally binding as only
the Court of Justice of the European Union can give an authoritative interpretation of Union law.
This Manual only serves as one of the support tools for case-by-case application of the Union
legislation by the Member States in their respective jurisdictions. It remains for the national
competent authorities and the national courts to reach decisions at national level.
The Manual is not a European Commission document, and it cannot be regarded as reflecting the
official position of the European Commission.
Table of contents
Introduction and scope .............................................................................................................................. 5
1. Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices ................................................................................. 7
1.1. Qualification of medical devices ......................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1. Borderline between medical devices and IVDs ............................................................................ 7
1.1.2. Borderline between medical devices and medicinal products, including advanced therapy
medicinal products (ATMPs) ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.3. Borderline between medical devices and biocides ..................................................................... 13
1.1.4. Borderline between medical devices and substances of human origin....................................... 13
1.1.5. Borderline between medical devices and cosmetic products ..................................................... 13
1.1.6. Borderline between medical devices and food ........................................................................... 14
1.1.7. Borderline between medical devices and personal protective equipment .................................. 14
1.1.8. Borderline between medical devices and general consumer products ....................................... 16
1.1.9. Other medical device borderlines ............................................................................................... 16
1.2. Classification of medical devices ...................................................................................................... 21
1.2.1. Rule 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 21
1.2.2. Rule 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 22
1.2.3. Rule 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 22
1.2.4. Rule 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 23
1.2.5. Rule 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 23
1.2.6. Rule 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 23
1.2.7. Rule 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 23
1.2.8. Rule 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 24
1.2.9. Rule 9 ......................................................................................................................................... 26
1.2.10. Rule 10 ....................................................................................................................................... 26
1.2.11. Rule 11 ....................................................................................................................................... 26
1.2.12. Rule 12 ....................................................................................................................................... 26
1.2.13. Rule 13 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.14. Rule 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.15. Rule 15 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.16. Rule 16 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.17. Rule 17 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.18. Rule 18 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.19. Rule 19 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.20. Rule 20 ....................................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.21. Rule 21 ....................................................................................................................................... 28
1.2.22. Rule 22 ....................................................................................................................................... 28
2. Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices ................................................ 28
2.1 Qualification of IVDs ......................................................................................................................... 28
2.1.1. Borderline between IVDs and medical devices .......................................................................... 28
2.1.2. Borderline between IVDs and general laboratory equipment .................................................... 29
2.1.3. Other IVD borderlines ................................................................................................................ 29
2.2 Classification of IVDs ......................................................................................................................... 29
2.2.1. Rule 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 29
2.2.2. Rule 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 29
2.2.3. Rule 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 30
2.2.4. Rule 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 30
2.2.5. Rule 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 30
2.2.6. Rule 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 30
2.2.7. Rule 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Index .......................................................................................................................................................... 31
5
Introduction and scope
Determining whether a given product falls under the definition of a medical device and the
application of the classification rules fall within the competence of the authorities of the Member
States where the product is on the market. However, when different interpretations of EU
legislation occur, public health may be put at risk and the internal market distorted. As both are
matters of concern to the Member States and the Commission, it essential to facilitate a dialogue
among regulators. Appropriate participation of various stakeholders should also be ensured.
This document, hereafter called the Manual, records the agreements reached by the Member
State members of the Borderline and Classification Working Group (BCWG)1 following the
exchanges under the Helsinki Procedure under Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices
(the MDR) and Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices (the IVDR).
The purpose and operation of the Helsinki procedure is described in the dedicated document
here. The BCWG is chaired by the European Commission and consists of representatives of
competent authorities from all Member States with a number of stakeholder associations as
observers.
The aspects concerning the borderline between medical devices and other types of products,
also known as qualification of a product, are generally governed by Article 4 Regulatory
status of products of the MDR and the corresponding Article 3 of the IVDR. Borderline
cases are those for which it is not clear from the outset whether a given product is a medical
device, or an in vitro diagnostic medical device (IVD), or not. Various paragraphs under
Article 1 Subject matter and scope of both Regulations are also relevant. They exclude
certain types of products from the scope of the Regulations. Where a given product does not
fall within the definition of medical device or is excluded from their scope, other EU or
national legislation may be applicable. This Manual will however not provide indications to
that effect.
The Manual should be read in conjunction with other documents providing guidance on
borderline, such as MDCG 2022-5 Guidance on borderline between medical devices and
medicinal products under Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices and MDCG 2019-11
Qualification and classification of software - Regulation (EU) 2017/745 and Regulation (EU)
2017/746.
Once a product is qualified as a medical device, a certain risk class will be assigned to it, namely
I, IIa, IIb, III. For a product qualified as an IVD, the risk classes are A, B, C and D. The aspects
concerning classification of medical devices are governed by MDR Article 51 Classification of
devices and Annex VIII Classification rules. For IVDR the corresponding references are Article
47 and Annex VIII. In the context of this Manual, classification cases are those for which the
competent authorities of the Member States identify a difficulty in the uniform application of the
classification rules.
1 The BCWG is a sub-group of the Medical Device Coordination Group set up according to Article 103 of
Regulation (EU) 2017/745 and Article 98 of Regulation (EU) 2017/746
https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/32069/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32017R0745
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02017R0746-20170505
https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-09/md_border-class_helsinki-proc-mdr-ivdr_en_0.pdf
https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-09/md_border-class_helsinki-proc-mdr-ivdr_en_0.pdf
https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b5a27717-229f-4d7a-97b1-e1c7d819e579_en?filename=mdcg_2022-5_en_0.pdf
https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-09/md_mdcg_2019_11_guidance_qualification_classification_software_en_0.pdf
6
The Manual should be read in conjunction with other documents providing guidance on classification,
such as MDCG 2021-24 Guidance on classification of medical devices and MDCG 2020-16 Guidance
on classification rules for in vitro diagnostic medical devices under Regulation (EU) 2017/746.
Other relevant MDCG guidance documents may be published here.
This Manual does not relieve national competent authorities from their duty to issue decisions in
the areas of qualification and classification for individual products taking into account all its
characteristics on a case-by-case basis, while acting under the supervision of the courts.
https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/cbb19821-a517-4e13-bf87-fdc6ddd1782e_en?filename=mdcg_2021-24_en.pdf
https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-01/md_mdcg_2020_guidance_classification_ivd-md_en.pdf
https://health.ec.europa.eu/medical-devices-sector/new-regulations/guidance-mdcg-endorsed-documents-and-other-guidance_en
7
1. Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices
1.1. Qualification of medical devices
The respective sections will be populated when cases are finalised under the Helsinki Procedure.
1.1.1. Borderline between medical devices and IVDs
This section covers the borderline between products that may fall under the MDR or under the
IVDR, where the conclusion is that the product should be qualified as a medical device.
1.1.2. Borderline between medical devices and medicinal products, including advanced
therapy medicinal products (ATMPs)
This section covers the borderline between products that may fall under the MDR, or possibly
under Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human
use, or under Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 laying down Community procedures for the
authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and
establishing a European Medicines Agency, or under Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 on
advanced therapy medicinal products.
1.1.2.1 Nasal spray with antibodies for COVID-19
Background
The spray contains antibodies that inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus and, as a result, the virus is
no longer able to reproduce and enter mucosal cells. The antibodies, obtained from the colostrum
of infected cows, are sprayed into the human nose where they can attach to the viruses and
inactivate them.
Outcome
According to the information provided by the manufacturer, the principal intended action of the
spray is achieved through antibodies binding to the virus. As a result, the virus is no longer able
to reproduce and enter mucosal cells.
Considering the product’s principal mode of action and that a medical device cannot achieve its
principal intended action by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, the above
mentioned spray should not be qualified as a medical device.
1.1.2.2 Graphite crucible
Background
8
The product is a graphite crucible used in conjunction with the radionuclide Technetium-99m
(Tc-99m) for imaging the airways (lung ventilation scintigraphy). The graphite crucible is made
of pure carbon and is intended for the preparation of the aerosol.
The resulting aerosol is an ultra-fine dispersion of nanosized pure carbon particles encapsulating
Tc-99m (average 30-60 nm). It is produced by heating Tc-99m in the carbon crucible in an oven
for a few seconds at 2,750 °C in the presence of argon gas.
The aerosol is then inhaled by the patient via a mouthpiece and penetrates to the sub-segmental
areas of the lung.
Once inhaled by a patient suspected of having a pulmonary embolism (PE) or other pulmonary
obstructive pathology, a gamma camera is used to generate the image.
The question is about the qualification of the graphite crucible.
Outcome
According to Article 1 (6) of Directive 2001/83/EC, radiopharmaceutical is: “Any medicinal
product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes)
included for a medicinal purpose.”
According to Article 1 (8), a kit is: “Any preparation to be reconstituted or combined with
radionuclides in the final radiopharmaceutical, usually prior to its administration.”
The graphite crucible comes under the latter definition. The graphite crucible:
− is made of pure carbon and is intended for the preparation of an aerosol;
− is an inherent component of the aerosol (carbon particles carrying the radionuclide Tc-
99m).
Consequently, graphite crucible does not fall under the definition of medical device or accessory
and should not be qualified as such.
1.1.2.3 Product for professional removal of dental biofilm
Background
Qualification of a product for professional removal of dental biofilm/plaque, consisting of a
syringe prefilled with TiO2 + polymer (inert) and a vial of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2): The H2O2
shall be mixed with the content of the syringe before use, resulting in a gel that is applied by the
syringe on to the teeth in the gingival area. The product is intended as a “stand alone” device or
together with a motorized brush for professional debridement of teeth and implanted implants,
by dissolving biofilm/killing bacteria and increasing the effectiveness of mechanical removal of
biofilm/plaque, which causes inflammatory situations. Their removal therefore brings advantages
with regard to the following aspects:
− attenuation of degradation of dental enamel;
− attenuation of inflammation/gingivitis;
− attenuation of the onset of periodontitis, bone damage and loss of teeth;
− attenuation of the onset of peri-implantitis, when used on implant surface.
9
During use, the syringe is intended to guarantee a final concentration ranging from 3% to 5% of
H2O2. The gel destroys bacteria and viruses with reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Outcome
The product has a medical intended purpose based on claims regarding attenuation of
inflammation - gingivitis, periodontitis and peri-implantitis. However, the antimicrobial action of
ROS, which is considered as the principal intended action, should be considered
pharmacological, immunological or metabolic mode of action. The decision of ECJ ruling 6
September 2012, case C-308/11, also supports that such antimicrobial actions on the human body
should be considered pharmacological. Consequently, considering the principal mode of action,
this product should not be qualified as a medical device.
In regard to the prefilled syringe, it has to be considered that a device which is placed on the
market in such a way that the device and a medicinal product form a single integral product
which is intended exclusively for use in the given combination and which is not reusable, shall
be governed by Directive 2001/83/EC. The relevant essential requirements of Annex I to the
Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices shall apply as far as safety and performance-
related device features are concerned.
1.1.2.4 Root canal irrigation solution
Background
Two root canal irrigating solutions intended to be used in endodontic treatment are placed on the
market as medical devices consisting of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 3% aqueous solution for
canal irrigation and another solution with chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) 2% root canal
solution for final irrigation and debridement of root canals.
According to the manufacturer, NaOCl 3% solution is intended to irrigate the root canal of the
tooth as needed for debridement during instrumentation. The CHX 2% solution is intended to be
used for the irrigation and debridement of root canals after instrumentation in endodontic
treatment.
The manufacturer indicates that the aim of the irrigation is to dissolve the tissues and to have a
cleaning effect. For both products, the manufacturer does not claim the disinfection of root
canals but argues that NaOCl and CHX solutions act as “a liquid mechanical file” and considers
that the infection is treated by a mechanical action.
Outcome
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) are substances which have
antimicrobial properties. NaOCl has an antimicrobial action and has the ability to dissolve
biofilm components. CHX is an active ingredient of many approved medicinal products.
Both substances are medicinal substances with known pharmacological effects documented in
the literature. Furthermore, according to the state of art in endodontics, the root canal treatment
is a procedure aiming to clean and disinfect the root canals of the tooth by using irrigating
solutions containing sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine.
http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf;jsessionid=1D396960CC417F9AC1327D1D2EA96E47?text=&docid=126438&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=10476932
http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf;jsessionid=1D396960CC417F9AC1327D1D2EA96E47?text=&docid=126438&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=10476932
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If the manufacturer can demonstrate that the principal mode of action is the rinsing and the
irrigation so that the solutions remove debris and necrotic tissues (mechanical action), the
irrigating solutions fulfil the definition of medical device.
Moreover, as they contain a substance (NaOCl or CHX) which, if used separately, is considered
to be a medicinal product, and as they have a disinfecting action, these solutions should be
considered as having an antimicrobial action ancillary to that of the device (disinfection of the
root canal before obturation according to the state of art), unless the absence of these effects can
be proven.
Not claiming a disinfectant action is not sufficient to demonstrate that a substance doesn’t have
an action ancillary to that of the device.
As stated in MDCG-2022-5 “The determination of the nature of the substance, i.e. whether it is
“considered to be a medicinal product” is independent of the intention of the manufacturer, of
the quantity of the substance in the device and of the method or route of administration. Also, the
determination of whether the substance “has an action ancillary to that of the device” is
scientifically objective and does not depend on the manufacturer’s intention for the action of that
substance in the device.
Therefore, scientific evidence, and not the claims, is the only aspect relevant for the
determination of pharmacological action. Thus, unless the manufacturer can provide robust
scientific evidence that NaOCl or CHX in the irrigating solution has no antibacterial or antiseptic
action in or on the human body or its constituents, using suitably scientifically rigorous tests,
root canal irrigating solutions containing NaOCl or CHX should be classified as class III per rule
14 of Annex VIII to the MDR.
1.1.2.5 Classification of red blood cell additive solutions containing adenine
Background
Nowadays, there are several medical devices systems for red blood cells (RBCs) processing and
storage. These systems may include different parts, combined or not, such as: filters, empty
transfer bags, anti-coagulant solutions, and, used in a final storage step, a preservation/additive
solution with adenine.
Adenine has been used for over 40 years in RBCs concentrates bags to increase the RBCs shelf
life. Adenine helps maintain ATP production for RBCs metabolism and cell shape maintenance.
This survivability of RBCs is correlated with the level of ATP concentration which inexorably
decreases over time. The RBCs’ ATP concentration decrease is caused by depletion of the
adenine nucleotide pool, mediated by deamination of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to
inosine monophosphate. Adenine reverses this nucleotide depletion by reacting with 5-
phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate in the presence of adenine phosphoribosyl transferase
(APRTase) to yield additional AMP. During RBCs storage ex vivo, the adenine is also
incorporated into AMP and the concentrations of free adenine decline to minimal levels towards
the end of the storage period.
In view of the above, most whole blood collections are separated quickly after collection into
RBCs, platelets, and plasma components. The RBCs are resuspended in an additive solution
containing adenine to allow adequate storage.
11
The question has arisen as how medical devices that includes additive solutions with adenine
used in RBC's processing are classified.
Outcome
Adenine is a substance, which yields additional AMP in the blood and is used to increase the
shelf life of the red blood cells and thus their conservation. In view of the mechanism of action
of adenine as described by the manufacturer and taking into consideration the note 4 of the
section 1.2.2 in the MDCG 2022-5 rev.1, adenine is involved in a biochemical process inherent
to the proper functioning of the red blood cells intended for infusion. In this context, the mode of
action of adenine meets the definition of metabolic action defined in MDCG 2022-5.
Note also the existence of an CHMP opinion of September 15 2022 which, although mainly
concerns citrate solutions, also mentions adenine and in particular its pharmacological action in
two referenced publications.
Therefore, the mode of action of adenine can be either a metabolic mode of action or a
pharmacological mode of action (or both) as defined in MDCG 2022-5.
According to Rule 14, Annex VIII to the Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices, all
devices incorporating, as an integral part, a substance which, if used separately, can be
considered to be a medicinal product, as defined in point 2 of Article 1 of Directive 2001/83/EC,
including a medicinal product derived from human blood or human plasma, as defined in point
10 of Article 1 of that Directive, and that has an action ancillary to that of the devices, are
classified as class III.
Consequently, adenine used in additive solutions for RBCs processing in such devices has an
ancillary action to the device as medicinal substance. Therefore, the device should be classified
as class III, according to rule 14.
1.1.2.6 Classification of dual action cream with menthol and capsaicin
Background
According to the manufacturer the product is a dual action cream with cooling and warming
effect with menthol, capsaicinoids and some other additional substances. The intended purpose
of the cream is relieving muscle and joint pain through dual action. Menthol cools, relieves pain,
reduces swelling and reduces muscle tension. Capsicum extract warms the treated area.
The mechanism is mediated by the TRP family of ion channels, and the effect is lasting from
half an hour to a few hours. The manufacturer claims that the principal intended action of
menthol in the product is achieved by physiological (activity of ion channels) and by chemical
means. The manufacturer claims that the secondary intended action is achieved by capsaicin
giving a sense of warmth and having a relaxing effect. The manufacturer’s justification is that
the amount of capsaicin in the product is not at the level of capsaicin in medicinal products. The
manufacturer states that the intended action of the product is not achieved by pharmacological,
immunological or metabolic means and asks for validation that such a medical device would be
class IIa according to Rule 21 of the MDR.
https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b5a27717-229f-4d7a-97b1-e1c7d819e579_en?filename=mdcg_2022-5_en.pdf
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Outcome
The intended purpose of the cream is to relieve muscle and joint pain. Both substances, menthol
and capsaicin, have a recognized pharmacological action in pain management. Both menthol and
capsaicin act upon receptors to achieve their effect, hence they act by pharmacological means.
As the principal intended action is claimed to be achieved by menthol, the product is outside the
definition of a medical device. Furthermore, in MDCG 2022 – 5 Guidance on borderline
between medical devices and medicinal products under Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical
devices, “Products containing peppermint oil or menthol with intended medical purposes such as
the relief of discomfort and pain in muscles and joints, relief of back pain, etc. as their principal
mode of action is pharmacological involving interaction with the cold-sensitive receptors in the
skin.”, are given as examples of medicinal products. The manufacturer bears the burden of proof
for the non-pharmacological, non-immunological or non-metabolic effect of his product. In the
absence of evidence that the main intended action in or on the human body is not achieved by
pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, a product should not be qualified as a
medical device and consequently, the discussion on classification of the product is irrelevant.
1.1.2.7 Lactose tablets for vaginal use
Background
The product is a non-sterile vaginal tablet consisting of 99 % lactose monohydrate, Ph. Eur
grade. The intended purpose, as declared by the manufacturer, is the reduction of unpleasant
vaginal odour and discharge associated with bacterial vaginosis, and relief of vaginal irritation
and soreness. Recommended use is one tablet daily, administered intravaginally.
The mode of action proposed by the manufacturer is that the lactose is a nutrient for the
indigenous flora of lactic acid bacteria, while the organisms causing bacterial vaginosis
(Gardnerella vaginalis and others) do not use lactose for growth. The lactic acid bacteria
produce components with adverse effect on the growth of Gardnerella and similar flora, namely
lactic acid which is the main product of the metabolization of lactose, along with similar natural
growth inhibiting substances.
Outcome
The lactose tablet achieves its principal intended action by metabolic means in or on the human
body, as the consumption of the lactose by the lactic acid bacteria is a metabolic process and the
indigenous lactic bacteria is considered as part of the human body, ref. note 4 in MDCG 2022-5
Guidance on borderline between medical devices and medicinal products under Regulation (EU)
2017/745 on medical devices, section 1.2.2.
As the principal intended action of the product is achieved by metabolic means in the human
body the product should not be qualified as a medical device.
https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-06/mdcg_2022-5_en.pdf
https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b5a27717-229f-4d7a-97b1-e1c7d819e579_en?filename=mdcg_2022-5_en.pdf
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1.1.3. Borderline between medical devices and biocides
This section covers the borderline between products that may fall under the MDR or possibly
under Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of
biocidal products.
1.1.3.1 Substance for textile treatment
Background
The product is a concentrate for water-based treatment of textile materials to impart antifungal,
antimicrobial and antiviral properties in various applications.
The intended purpose is the prevention of human infectious diseases caused by microorganisms
spread through contact with surfaces, especially textile ones. The infectious diseases intended to
be prevented are influenza, COVID-19 and hospital-acquired infections.
Outcome
This product does not act on individual patients, rather, it imparts antifungal, antimicrobial and
antiviral properties onto textiles. Based on the information provided by the manufacturer this
product should not be qualified as a medical device.
1.1.4. Borderline between medical devices and substances of human origin
This section covers the borderline between products that may fall under MDR or possibly under
Directive 2004/23/EC on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement,
testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells or Directive
2002/98/EC on blood and blood components.
1.1.5. Borderline between medical devices and cosmetic products
This section covers the borderline between products that may fall under the MDR or possibly
under Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 on cosmetic products.
1.1.5.1 Qualification of microabrasion dental stain removers
Background
Dental stain removers which act by microabrasion, used as tooth whiteners, have been qualified
by some manufacturers as medical devices and placed on the market as such.
In the case of dental stain removers, to justify the medical purpose, manufacturers state that the
microabrasion technique is based on a combination of mechanical and chemical action, e.g. for
the treatment of fluorosis stains, amelogenesis imperfecta, cleidocranial dysplasia and to remove
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residual bonded resin and enamel stains following bracket debonding at the conclusion of
orthodontic treatment.
Outcome
The removal of dental stains to improve the appearance of teeth, which is the intended purpose
defined by the manufacturer, regardless of the method or technique utilized and regardless of the
staining being the result of a disease or treatment, does not represent a medical purpose.
Also, stain removers will not treat amelogenesis imperfecta and cleidocranial dysplasia, the
removal of the dental stain in such cases does not change an aesthetic purpose into a medical
one.
If the manufacturer cannot provide robust and scientific evidence that the dental stain removers
have a role in the prevention, treatment or alleviation of a disease, the products should not
qualify as medical devices.
Thus, products used for improving the appearance of teeth do not comply with the legal
definition of medical device established in the MDR and should not be qualified as medical
devices.
1.1.6. Borderline between medical devices and food
This section covers the borderline between products that may fall under MDR on medical
devices or possibly under Regulation (EC) 178/2002 laying down the general principles and
requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down
procedures in matters of food safety.
1.1.7. Borderline between medical devices and personal protective equipment
This section covers the borderline between products that may fall under the MDR or possibly
under Regulation (EU) 2016/425 on personal protective equipment.
1.1.7.1 Rescue bag for patient transport
Background
The rescue bag is designed for the transportation of patients during rescue operations. According
to the manufacturer, the product is intended to protect the patient mechanically, as well as
thermally, during the salvage. The mechanical protection of the head is ensured by additional
padding in the head area. To stabilize the patient during the transport, as well as to attach safety
equipment during different manoeuvres, side straps are sewed onto the rescue bag. Furthermore,
the product aims to avoid repeated unpacking and packing of the patient during changes of the
transportation device, e.g. from the emergency rescue sledge to the ambulance. The general
intended purpose of the rescue bag is the patient´s support and protection.
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Outcome
The product in question enables stable and protected transport of patients in order to avoid the
worsening of their state of health. The intended purpose of the product corresponds to the
medical purpose of alleviation of, or compensation for, an injury or disability, according to Art.
2(1) of the MDR. It should be therefore qualified as a medical device. The risk class should be
MDR class I, according to rule 1.
Please note that this entry refers solely to the qualification of the product as a medical device and
that the manufacturer may also have to take into account other existing legislation for products
used in emergency rescue.
1.1.7.2 Plexiglas box for caregiver protection
Background
The product is a safety box intended to prevent caregivers from being exposed to infection (i.e.
COVID-19) by containing droplets expelled by the patient during endotracheal intubation,
tracheotomy or any airway related procedure.
The box is intended to be placed over the patient’s head, covering the upper body from head to
shoulders. It is fixed to the bed or the operating table by straps. There are 2 holes for the
physician’s arms to allow access to the patient, and rectangular holes on the sides for insertion of
ventilation circuits, anaesthesia circuits, infusion tubes. The intubation equipment is placed in the
box. The physician inserts arms into the holes to intubate the patient.
The manufacturer designed two models of boxes, one for tracheotomy and one for intubation.
They are intended by the manufacturer to secure and protect users during medical procedures.
Outcome
A medical device has the aim to provide protection of health and safety of the patient. An
intended medical use may not be defined when the product is primarily intended to protect the
caregiver or health care professional.
A product solely intended to protect a caregiver or health care professional by preventing
exposure during a medical or surgical procedure, should not be qualified as a medical device.
1.1.7.3 Qualification of medical examination table covers
Background
Medical examination table covers are placed on the market with the intended purpose of
covering the tables in medical exam room, on which the patients lay, to ensure a good level of
hygiene and prevent the transmission of infectious agents, which can be easily transferred from
patient to patient through contact with a common surface.
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Outcome
Medical examination table covers are intended to be used for a specific medical purpose, namely
the prevention of disease, as such they comply with the definition of medical device, according
to point 1 of article 2 of Regulation (EU) 2017/745. Note that this qualification is not dependent
on the cover’s composition/chosen materials.
1.1.8. Borderline between medical devices and general consumer products
This section covers the borderline between products that may fall under the MDR or possibly
under Directive 2001/95/EC on general product safety.
1.1.9. Other medical device borderlines
1.1.9.1 Smartphone application for STI prevention strategies
Background
This application is intended by the manufacturer to “prevent sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), by allowing for the exchange of information between different sexual partners.”
It permits the recording of biological analysis results, like STI results, in order to share this
information with other potential sexual partners, within a network. During an encounter, these
results are shared by scanning a potential sexual partner’s QR-code; the user then becomes part
of each other’s networks.
Where the functionality has previously been set up by the user, in case of positive tests for an
STI the application sends automatic anonymised notifications to all those in their sexual network
(two degrees of contact).
In this case, the application lets the user know what to do and helps him/her find the right
services. For example, it encourages users to avoid unprotected sex and advises them on
recommended testing practices based on their most recent data, limiting the spread of an STI
within a sexual network and fostering earlier testing and treatment.
According to the manufacturer, this application also allows the evaluation, through “the risk
calculator” function, of the risk of infection with an STI based on sexual habits, the number of
connections, and also levels of infection in the network of sexual partners.
Outcome
The application transmits and exchanges data and information between partners. On this basis
alone, the software would not perform an action on data other than communication, as per in
MDCG 2019-11. The application does not prevent sexually transmitted diseases, but rather
facilitates the exchange of information and communication between different users.
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The application also contains a particular functionality that assesses the user’s risk of contracting
a STI. The risk calculation is based on the behaviour of this person and their contacts tree. In this
case, the prevention does not rely on specific characteristics of the individual user (physiological
parameters, etc...) but mainly on their sexual habits and behaviour towards their partners, within
a sexual network.
Therefore, the risk calculation is based on indirect criteria and not on physiological parameters.
It appears to be an epidemiologic tool rather than a prevention tool within the meaning of the
medical device definition. As such, the “risk calculation to prevent STI diseases” cannot be
considered as a medical purpose according to the definition of medical device.
The product does not therefore fulfil the definition of medical device, according to Regulation
(EU) 2017/745, and should not be qualified as such.
1.1.9.2 Medical calculators
Background
The intended purpose of a medical calculator is to facilitate one or more (sometimes up to 400)
routine medical calculations at the point of care for multiple clinical disciplines by means of an
app or webpage.
Calculation methods incorporated in the medical calculator are taken from or based on formulas
or tables documented in research publications and (national) guidelines. Often, these calculations
are relatively simple and could be done with a basic electronic calculator or even on paper
(simple search). The healthcare professional enters several patient-specific variables after which
the app calculates outcomes like risk scores, severity indexes, threshold values and other
prognostic outcomes, depending on the specific calculation. The healthcare professional that uses
the medical calculator at the point of care is likely to use the outcome of the calculation in
making decisions about diagnosis or treatment of a patient in a routine setting.
Two examples of such medical calculations offered by this medical calculator are:
− calculation of stroke risk for patients with atrial fibrillation using the CHA₂DS₂-VASc
Score to determine if patients need antithrombotic therapy (e.g. by prescribing
anticoagulant medicine).
− calculation of the creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft-Gault Equation to determine
the status of the kidney function. The calculated score is used to identify kidney failure
and to help decide if dialysis is required.
Outcome
Calculation of a score according to a specific formula or an complex algorithm as mentioned in
both examples is an action on data beyond the use of simple search as referenced in qualification
decision step 3 of MDCG 2019-11 (“Decision steps for qualification of software as MDSW”).
Also, the calculation is for the benefit of individual patients, as it does not only provide generic
diagnostic or treatment pathways per decision step 4 of guidance MDCG 2019-11.
The presented device meets the definition of a medical device as it is intended by the
manufacturer to be used for medical purposes in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2017/745.
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Classification rule 11 applies, since it relates to software intended to provide information which
is used to take decisions with diagnosis or therapeutic purposes, and classifies this product as at
least class IIa. A higher classification may apply depending on the significance of the
information provided by the device to support the healthcare professional’s decision in the
context of the patient’s condition, as per guidance MDCG 2019-11 and MDCG 2021-24.
1.1.9.3 Needle Counters
Background
There are on the market products generally called needle counters, intended to allow the
counting and to reconcile the count of suture needles and scalpels, after the procedure and before
suturing the operating cavity. These needle counters are designed to facilitate the control of such
small instruments. Some of the models have a magnetic base with numbered spaces and in other
cases a high-density foam to hold them securely in place. There are also models which combine
these solutions and some include a feature which allows to remove the scalpel from the handle
safety, preventing work accidents, as claimed by the manufacturers.
These types of products are placed on the European market with indications such as:
− to guarantee the safe elimination of scalpel blades and suture needles used in operating
rooms;
− to permit counting of scalpel blades and needles used in the operating room.
Some manufacturers claim that their intended use is the prevention of the severe consequences to
the patient’s health if any of such items were to remain on the human body after suturing.
Outcome
Needle counters, intended to allow the counting and reconciling the count of suture needles and
scalpels, as well as their elimination, after the procedure and before suturing the operating cavity,
do not comply with the legal definition of a medical device, according to Article 2 (1) of the
MDR, since they are not intended for any specific medical purpose, and should not be qualified
as such.
1.1.9.4 Temperature sensors embedded in orthopaedic devices for compliance tracking
Background
The product in question is a temperature sensor that is intended to be embedded in orthopaedic
devices, for example scoliosis braces. It then tracks the use of the orthopaedic device, which are
typically not very comfortable but have to be worn daily for long periods of time to be effective.
This is done by regularly measuring their temperature, which rises close to body temperature
during wear. The sensor’s purpose is to log when and especially for how long the orthopaedic
devices have been worn. The patients are informed that compliance is being tracked.
The question arose whether the sensor is an accessory for the orthopaedic medical devices it is
intended to be used with. The orthopaedic devices can be used and be performant without the
sensor, but it is claimed that the sensor increases patient compliance and therefore therapeutic
success of the orthopaedic devices, as well as enables the treating doctors to better assess the
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effectiveness of prescribed orthopaedic devices by eliminating a possible lack of patient
compliance as a confounding factor.
Outcome
According to Article 2 (2) of the MDR, ‘accessory for a medical device’ means an article which,
whilst not being itself a medical device, is intended by its manufacturer to be used together with
one or several particular medical device(s) to specifically enable the medical device(s) to be used
in accordance with its/their intended purpose(s) or to specifically and directly assist the medical
functionality of the medical device(s) in terms of its/their intended purpose(s).
Neither increasing patient compliance nor providing information to better assess the performance
of a medical device can be said to specifically and directly aid that device’s medical
functionality. The sensor therefore does not specifically and directly assist the medical
functionality of the orthopaedic medical devices in terms of their intended purpose and should
not be qualified as an accessory for a medical device. Furthermore, the product should not be
qualified as a medical device on its own.
1.1.9.5 System intended to produce sclerosing foam
Background
The system is intended to produce sclerosing foam for varicose veins treatment. It consists of
two products to be used in combination: a sterile single use mixing capsule filled with air or with
a mixture of gases (O2/CO2 equal parts), which has a port for the introduction of the sclerosing
agent (medicinal product) and for the extraction of the newly formed foam. Also, the system
includes a reusable digitally programmable electronic stirrer with a lodging designed to
accommodate the capsule.
In order to produce the foam, first, the capsule with the gas is connected to the stirrer, then, the
sclerosing medicinal product is injected into the capsule with a syringe through the port. Due to
the magnetic stirrer, the sclerosing drug and the air are mixed to form a homogenous foam. After
the foam is formed, it is removed by aspiration from the capsule with a syringe that is not
included in the system, in order to be administered to the patient. Therefore, the system itself is
not intended to administer the foam directly to the human body.
Outcome
This system is intended by its manufacturer to just produce, in an on-the-spot manner, the
sclerosing foam, which is considered a medicinal product, and that is going to be introduced
afterwards in the body by a syringe which is not part of the system.
In this case, as neither the system itself nor the capsule or the stirrer administer the foam directly
to the patient, being only intended for the preparation of the medicinal product, it can be
concluded that it does not fulfil the definition of a medical device according to Article 2
Regulation (EU) 2017/745 (MDR) and should not be qualified as such.
If a manufacturer of such a system would include in it a CE marked syringe intended to
administer the foam, which is considered a medicinal product, to the human body, as the syringe
is considered a medical device, the system would meet the definition of a procedure pack
according to Article 2 (10) and as referred to in Article 22 of the MDR as it will consist of a
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medical device combined with other products, not considered medical devices, packaged
together and placed on the market with a specific medical purpose.
1.1.9.6 Mobile sterile air system
Background
The mobile sterile air system is a product designed to create a defined sterile zone for performing
minor procedures in an operating theatre or medical practice under sterile conditions. To achieve
sterile conditions, the product removes pathogens from the air through filters and creates a
laminar airflow. This laminar flow of purified air creates a protected zone by displacing non-
sterile air. The protected zone is defined by laser lines generated by the product, e.g. at the
surgical site. The purpose of the product is therefore to remove dangerous pathogens from a
defined area to reduce the risk of infection to the patient.
Outcome
The product in question enables an appropriate environment to perform medical interventions
without having a specific medical purpose itself. The product therefore controls the environment
and does not act directly in or on the human body. This leads to the conclusion, that the mobile
sterile air system does not comply with the legal definition of a medical device according to Art.
2 (1) MDR and should not be qualified as such.
1.1.9.7 Device used intended to administer a medicinal product
Background
The package for a medicinal product, used as laxative, is made to be used for rectal insertion and
administration of the medicine. The package is a single dose mini tube, with a long nozzle.
This kind of packages are normally not put on the market on their own but are made available
only as part of combined medicinal products.
A device which is invasive to a body orifice, for the purpose of administrating a medicinal
product, falls under the definition of a medical device. Second sub-paragraph Article 1 (9) MDR
states: “However, if the device intended to administer a medicinal product and the medicinal
product are placed on the market in such a way that they form a single integral product which is
intended exclusively for use in the given combination and which is not reusable, that single
integral product shall be governed by Directive 2001/83/EC or Regulation (EC) No 726/2004, as
applicable. In that case, the relevant general safety and performance requirements set out in
Annex I to this Regulation shall apply as far as the safety and performance of the device part of
the single integral product are concerned.”
As a result, the medical device part, in this case also the packaging, must comply with the
requirements of the MDR in accordance with article 117 MDR. Proof of conformity of Annex I
MDR must be provided in the marketing authorisation dossier of the overall medicinal product.
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Outcome
In this case, the packaging for a medicinal product, used as laxative, is designed for rectal
insertion and administration of the medicinal product into the body, thereby falling under the
definition of a medical device. Thus, it cannot be considered to being purely a “simple”
packaging solution. Because the product forms a single integral medicinal product, which is
intended exclusively for use in the given combination and which is not reusable, the medical
device part (the packaging) must comply with the requirements of the MDR in accordance with
article 117 MDR. Proof of conformity with annex I MDR must be provided in the marketing
authorisation dossier of the integral medicinal product. Article 117 is implemented in the Annex
I to Directive 2001/83/EC, point 12 of section 3.2.
1.2. Classification of medical devices
The respective sections will be populated when cases are finalised under the Helsinki Procedure.
1.2.1. Rule 1
1.2.1.1 Rescue bag for patient transport
See entry 1.1.7.1.
1.2.1.2 Penis holster
Background
Penis holster is a medical device designed for men who are incontinent or unable to go to the
toilet, for hospital and home use. It transports urine from the urinary meatus of the penis to a
urine collection bag.
The penis holster is placed at the tip of the glans and is partially covered by the foreskin. The
penile sleeve must be removed at least once every 24 hours for cleaning. The device can be
reused for up to 30 days. Therefore, the device is intended to remain in place for several hours a
day and up to maximum 24 hours.
The question regarding the classification of such device has arisen and, in particular, whether or
not the device, given its anatomical position (under the mucous membrane and on the glans),
falls within the definition of an invasive medical device and more precisely invasive by a body
orifice.
Outcome
According to the MDCG 2021-24, an invasive device is defined as “Any device which, in whole
or in part, penetrates inside the body, either through a body orifice or through the surface of the
22
body… “ and a body orifice is “Any natural opening in the body, as well as the external surface
of the eyeball, or any permanent artificial opening, such as a stoma.” Additional to natural and
artificial openings in the body only the external surface of the eyeball is considered as body
orifice.
Taking into account its instructions of use, the penis holster is placed under the inner mucosa of
the prepuce. The anatomical areas in contact with the device for its use (the inner mucosa of the
prepuce) do not as such constitute an orifice of the human body according to the current legal
definition and guidance.
Therefore, the penis holster shouldn’t be considered as invasive device through a body orifice
and should be classified as Class I according to rule 1 of Annex VII to the Regulation (EU)
2017/745 on medical devices.
1.2.2. Rule 2
1.2.3. Rule 3
1.2.3.1 Syringe containing glass beads
Background
The intended purpose of the syringe containing glass beads is the aseptic collection via a wing
needle (venous collection), transportation, incubation for prolonged coagulation and separation
of small amounts of blood for obtaining autologous conditioned serum (ACS) with an increased
concentration of growth factors and IL-1Ra. Following a centrifugation step, the ACS (without
glass beads) is transferred to another syringe and stored at appropriate temperature until local
injection into the same patient. The local injection site is not specified in the instructions for use.
The manufacturer mentions though in his documentation that ACS is indicated for the treatment
of knee osteoarthritis, for example.
According to the manufacturer, the containing glass beads increase the surface area to support
the effectiveness of the product. The glass beads are made of DURAN® Borosilicatglas 3.3. They
are polished and have a diameter of 3 mm. There is no further treatment or coating. The
manufacturer describes that the function of these uncoated glass beads is based on the contact
stimulation by polar surfaces such as glass to accelerate coagulation of the collected blood. It is
stated that following contact with negatively charged surfaces, factor XII is converted into XIIa
and initiates the coagulation.
Outcome
The syringe, a non-invasive device, is intended to modify the composition of blood intended for
implantation or administration into the body. The biological and chemical composition of the
blood is altered by the cumulative application of incubation and centrifugation.
23
Blood collection tubes containing glass beads for blood collection, incubation and centrifugation
fall under the definition of medical device as defined in article 2 (1) MDR.
According to Rule 3, first paragraph, the device is to be classified in class IIb. The exception
according to which the device would have to be classified as class lla medical device, does not
apply here. It is not a simple filtration, centrifugation or exchange of gas or heat.
1.2.4. Rule 4
1.2.5. Rule 5
1.2.6. Rule 6
1.2.6.1 Needles for root canal irrigation
Background
The single-use flexible needles for root canal irrigation are intended to be used during an
endodontic procedure.
The endodontic procedure consists in treating an infected tooth by making an opening in the
crown of the tooth, removing organic and mineral debris and by cleaning and disinfecting the
pulp chamber and the root canals with an antiseptic solution before reconstruction of the tooth
crown.
The endodontic irrigation is an essential step in endodontic treatment. It allows to prepare the
root canal to ensure its endodontic antisepsis. The single-use flexible needle is intended to be
connected to a syringe which contains the irrigation solution usually composed of chlorhexidine
or sodium hypochlorite to rinse and disinfect the root canal before the use of dental filling
material.
Some manufacturers place these endodontic irrigation needles in class I per rule 5 of Annex VIII
to the Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices (MDR), as they consider that the irrigation
of the root canal does not comprise any surgical aspect since no incision is made in the gum or
soft tissues by the dentist in the context of the treatment. For them, the irrigation aiming to clean
and disinfect the root canal is not a surgical procedure.
Outcome
As an opening in the tooth is needed to reach the root canal and the damaged pulp, the
endodontic treatment is considered as a surgically invasive procedure.
In the case of root canal irrigation needles, access to the root canal is not naturally available and
requires a surgical opening in the tooth to be created. Since the use of this device is dependent on
a prior surgical intervention, it meets the definition of a surgically invasive device under Rule 6
of Annex VIII of MDR.
24
Rule 5 applies to invasive devices introduced into a body orifice without surgical intervention.
While the MDR defines a body orifice as including both natural openings and permanent
artificial openings, such as a stoma, the drilled access to the root canal does not fall within this
definition. It is a temporary surgical opening that is closed at the end of the procedure. Since the
guidance MDCG 2021-24 specifies that surgical invasiveness applies when a device enters
through an artificially created opening, Rule 5 is not the appropriate classification rule for this
device.
Therefore, the root canal opening in which the needles are used is not a natural or permanent
artificial body orifice. As the contact duration is transient, less than 60 min, the single-use
flexible needles intended for root canal irrigation during an endodontic procedure falls under
class IIa per Rule 6 of Annex VIII of MDR.
1.2.7. Rule 7
1.2.7.1 Dermal filler implantable
Background
Dermal fillers are usually devices intended to be used for aesthetic purposes included in the
annex XVI to the MDR. These devices are injected into the skin with a syringe, at different
depths, to help fill in facial wrinkles and provide facial volume. Most of these wrinkle fillers are
temporary (not permanent) because they are eventually absorbed by the body. Most dermal
fillers today are constituted of hyaluronic acid.
There are also dermal fillers which are qualified as medical devices, as they are intended to
compensate for fat loss, e.g. in HIV infected patients with severe facial lipoatrophy, caused by
the highly active antitretroviral therapy. The result of this injection of dermal fillers is the
modification of the anatomy.
According to Article 2(5) of the MDR:
‘implantable device’ means any device, including those that are partially or wholly absorbed,
which is intended:
− to be totally introduced into the human body, or
− to replace an epithelial surface or the surface of the eye,
by clinical intervention and which is intended to remain in place after the procedure.
Outcome
Dermal fillers which are wholly or mainly absorbed, are covered by rules 7 and 8 of Annex VIII
to the MDR, depending on the intended duration of use.
As they are administered by injection, and this is considered a clinical intervention, they fulfil
the definition of an implantable device, according to Article 2(5) of the MDR.
1.2.8. Rule 8
1.2.8.1 Dermal filler implantable
See entry 1.2.7.1.
25
1.2.8.2 n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate based adhesives
Background
The products are n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (nBCA) based adhesives that close the treated vessel
via an adhesive seal. The products are intended for the permanent and complete endovascular
adhesive closure of the great saphenous vein (GSV) and associated varicosities when treating
venous reflux disease.
Different manufacturers have placed on the market these devices as Class IIb and Class III
medical devices per Rule 8 under MDD. The rationale of manufacturers for different
classifications was based on the time of degradation of nBCA.
Therefore, questions have arisen about whether the time of degradation of the embolizing agent
changes the classification approach to Rule 8 of Annex VIII to the MDR.
Outcome
Third indent of rule 8 of Annex VIII to the MDR states that: “All implantable devices and long-
term surgically invasive devices are classified as class IIb unless they […] – have a biological
effect or are wholly or mainly absorbed, in which case they are classified as class III.”
According to MDCG 2021-24 guidance: “The term ‘absorption’ in the context of implantable
devices refers to the degradation of a material within the body and the metabolic elimination of
the resulting degradation products from the body. It does not apply to those substances that are
excreted without modification from the body, e.g. insufflation gases for the abdominal cavity or
laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures”.
Considering that in the third indent of rule 8 8 of Annex VIII to the MDR there is no reference to
the time of absorption, these devices should be classified as class III devices.
1.2.8.3 Custom-made cranial implant
Background
The product is a custom-made cranial implant that functions as a replacement for parts of the
skull. It will be specifically made for a patient to replace parts of the skull in order to protect the
brain from the environment.
The intended use of a custom-made skull implant requires that it is placed on the dura mater. The
dura mater is part of the central nervous system since it is the outer layer of the meninges.
Outcome
In a normal situation when the cranium is anatomically intact, the outer layer of the meninges,
the dura mater, touches the skull. A medical device that acts as a replacement of the skull will
therefore come into contact with the dura mater as well. According to point 2.7 of Annex VIII to
the MDR, the brain, meninges and spinal cord are part of the central nervous system.
26
It is not required that the cranial implant has an effect on or an interaction with the underlying
tissue in order to be classified as a class III medical device. Medical devices that are intended
specifically for use in direct contact with the central nervous system are classified as class III.
A custom-made cranial implant is specifically intended to be used in direct contact with the
central nervous system. Therefore, it should be classified as class III, according to the second
indent of rule 8 of annex VIII to the MDR.
1.2.9. Rule 9
1.2.9.1 Argon coagulation units
Background
These units are used in argon plasma coagulation, a monopolar electrosurgical technique where
the argon plasma takes the role of the application electrode, which makes the intervention using
this technique contactless.
The argon coagulation unit ensures the delivery and controlled flow of argon to the argon
electrode. The unit is intended to be connected to two argon cylinders and an electrosurgical
generator. The unit enables adjustment of the argon flow, checks the argon volume in the
connected cylinders and ensures the selection between the connected cylinders.
Outcome
Due to their intended use, i.e. to enable the argon plasma coagulation and the dependence on an
electrical energy source, argon coagulation units are active therapeutic devices. Argon
coagulation units directly influence the argon plasma coagulation where the electrical energy is
administered to the body tissues by the argon plasma stream, which takes the role of the
application electrode. Taking into account the site of application as well as the nature and the
density of the applied energy, argon coagulation units are considered to be delivering energy in a
potentially hazardous way. Therefore, argon coagulation units should be classified as class IIb
devices according to Rule 9.
1.2.10. Rule 10
1.2.11. Rule 11
1.2.11.1 Medical calculators
See entry 1.1.9.2
1.2.12. Rule 12
27
1.2.13. Rule 13
1.2.14. Rule 14
1.2.14.1 Root canal irrigation solution
See entry 1.1.2.4
1.2.15. Rule 15
1.2.16. Rule 16
1.2.16.1 Ethylene oxide gas cartridges
Background
Ethylene oxide (EtO) gas is a sterilant. The product in question is a single-use cartridge
containing 100% EtO. The intended use for these cartridges is to sterilise and disinfect medical
devices.
An EtO gas sterilisation cycle consists of five steps preconditioning and humidification, gas
introduction, exposure, evacuation and air washes. The EtO gas cartridges are used as the source
of EtO. EtO gas cartridges cannot perform the sterilization process by themselves; however, the
sterilization cycle cannot occur, without these cartridges.
Therefore, the question has arisen, as whether EtO gas cartridges should be considered at least as
Class IIa medical devices, since they enable and participate to the sterilization cycle.
Outcome
Rule 16 of the Regulation (EU) 2017/745 states that “[…] All devices intended specifically to be
used for disinfecting or sterilising medical devices are classified as class IIa, unless they are
disinfecting solutions or washer-disinfectors intended specifically to be used for disinfecting
invasive devices, as the end point of processing, in which case they are classified as class IIb.
[…]”
In this case, these products specifically intended to be used for sterilization of medical devices in
healthcare institution are covered by Rule 16 of Annex VIII to the MDR and should be classified
at least as class IIa medical devices.
1.2.17. Rule 17
1.2.18. Rule 18
1.2.19. Rule 19
1.2.20. Rule 20
28
1.2.21. Rule 21
1.2.21. Saline solutions for nasal irrigation
Background
The saline solutions for nasal irrigation are intended to relieve nasal congestion in infants,
children and adults, by dissolving mucus in the nose. These solutions are commonly used to treat
acute and chronic rhinosinusitis and to alleviate cold-like symptoms. Saline solution consists of
0.9% (w/w) of sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in purified water. They may be placed on the
market in single-dose, multi-dose or bulk packaging, in sterile or non-sterile condition.
Some manufacturers have classified their saline solutions for nasal irrigation as class I medical
devices under the MDR according to Rule 5, which applies to invasive devices with respect to
body orifices.
Outcome
The saline solution for nasal irrigation, which is a mixture of water and sodium chloride, is
considered to be a combination of substances. Moreover, sodium chloride solution is locally
dispersed to dissolve mucus in the nasal cavity where it is achieving its intended purpose.
The guidance MDCG 2021-24 on classification of medical devices mentions that devices similar
to saline solutions, such as salt water used as nose or throat sprays, are examples of devices
falling within class IIa according to rule 21. In addition, this guidance also indicates that
products acting in the nasal or oral cavities may, to some extent, be ingested or inhaled. These
products will be class IIa devices if they achieve their purpose only in these cavities.
Furthermore, the guidance MDCG 2022-5 on borderline between medical devices and medicinal
products also quotes salt water used as nose or throat sprays as examples of substances-based
devices intended to be introduced into the human body or applied to the skin.
Therefore, since the saline solution is a device composed of substances intended to be applied in
the nasal cavity, and it achieves its intended purpose in this cavity, this device should be in class
IIa according to the third indent of Rule 21.
1.2.22. Rule 22
2. Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices
2.1 Qualification of IVDs
The respective sections will be populated when cases are finalised under the Helsinki Procedure.
2.1.1. Borderline between IVDs and medical devices
29
This section covers the demarcation between products that may fall under the IVDR or under the
MDR, where the conclusion is that the product should be qualified as an IVD.
2.1.1.1 FeNO measuring device
Background
The product is intended by its manufacturer to be used for the measuring of fractional exhaled
Nitric Oxide (FeNO). NO is a gas produced by cells involved in the inflammation associated
with allergic or eosinophilic asthma. The NO is exhaled, meaning that the NO level, which is
related to the occurrence of some diseases, may be measured in the breath. The patient is
instructed by the healthcare professional to inhale through the filter of the breathing handle and
then to exhale slowly back through the filter.
The product is composed of different parts, where the instruments and breathing handle are
regarded as in vitro diagnostic medical devices, but the disposable filter (viral and bacterial) that
has to be changed for each new measurement session and for each patient is CE marked
according to the Regulation (EU) 2017/745 in class I.
Outcome
The exhaled air is no longer part of the human body and therefore the exhaled air is considered
to be a gaseous specimen derived from the human body, which is subsequently analysed by a
device outside of the body. The device provides information for a medical purpose concerning a
physiological or pathological state, which would qualify this product as an in vitro diagnostic
medical device according to the Regulation (EU) 2017/746.
Since the principal intended purpose of the product is to be used for the examination of
specimens derived from the human body for the purposes of providing information, according to
the definition in Article 2(2) of the Regulation (EU) 2017/746, it is qualified as an in vitro
diagnostic medical device.
2.1.2. Borderline between IVDs and general laboratory equipment
2.1.3. Other IVD borderlines
2.2 Classification of IVDs
The respective sections will be populated when cases are finalised under the Helsinki Procedure.
2.2.1. Rule 1
2.2.2. Rule 2
30
2.2.3. Rule 3
2.2.4. Rule 4
2.2.5. Rule 5
2.2.6. Rule 6
2.2.7. Rule 7
31
Index
A
Argon coagulation units ................................................................................................................ 25
C
Classification of dual action cream with menthol and capsaicin .................................................. 10
Classification of red blood cell additive solutions containing adenine ........................................... 9
Custom-made cranial implant ....................................................................................................... 24
D
Dermal filler implantable .............................................................................................................. 23
Device used intended to administer a medicinal product .............................................................. 19
E
Ethylene oxide gas cartridges ........................................................................................................ 26
F
FeNO measuring device ................................................................................................................ 28
G
Graphite crucible ............................................................................................................................. 7
L
Lactose tablets for vaginal use ...................................................................................................... 11
M
Medical calculators ....................................................................................................................... 16
Mobile sterile air system ............................................................................................................... 19
N
Nasal spray with antibodies for COVID-19 .................................................................................... 6
n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate based adhesives ...................................................................................... 24
Needle Counters ............................................................................................................................ 17
Needles for root canal irrigation .................................................................................................... 22
P
Penis holster .................................................................................................................................. 20
Plexiglas box for caregiver protection .......................................................................................... 14
Product for professional removal of dental biofilm ........................................................................ 7
32
Q
Qualification of microabrasion dental stain removers .................................................................. 12
R
Rescue bag for patient transport .................................................................................................... 13
Root canal irrigation solution .......................................................................................................... 8
S
Saline solutions for nasal irrigation ............................................................................................... 27
Smartphone application for STI prevention strategies .................................................................. 15
Substance for textile treatment ...................................................................................................... 12
Syringe containing glass beads ..................................................................................................... 21
System intended to produce sclerosing foam ................................................................................ 18
T
Temperature sensors embedded in orthopaedic devices for compliance tracking ........................ 17
22.04.2026
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